{
  "name": "AI GridWatch U.S. data center state profiles",
  "generated": "2026-08-17",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "AI GridWatch (https://aigridwatch.com)",
  "source_page": "https://aigridwatch.com/data-centers",
  "count": 51,
  "caveat": "Facility counts vary by directory because each one draws the boundary differently \u2014 DataCenterMap lists 44 in Alabama where this table says 35, since it counts small network rooms alongside hyperscale campuses. Cite the TWh figure rather than the facility count when you can; it is the number that speaks to grid impact. Underlying load research is LBNL-2001637 (Dec 2024).",
  "schema": {
    "state": "Full state name",
    "abbrev": "USPS two-letter code",
    "dc_count": "Number of tracked data center facilities",
    "twh_year": "Estimated annual data center electricity consumption (TWh)",
    "major_hubs": "Key metro areas and operators",
    "rate_cents": "Residential electricity rate (cents/kWh)",
    "grid_carbon": "Grid carbon intensity (gCO2/kWh)",
    "water_stress": "Water stress level (low/medium/high)"
  },
  "states": [
    {
      "state": "Alabama",
      "abbrev": "AL",
      "dc_count": 35,
      "twh_year": 0.6,
      "major_hubs": "Birmingham, Huntsville",
      "rate_cents": 0.1677,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Alaska",
      "abbrev": "AK",
      "dc_count": 5,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Anchorage",
      "rate_cents": 0.2823,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Arizona",
      "abbrev": "AZ",
      "dc_count": 190,
      "twh_year": 10.5,
      "major_hubs": "Phoenix (Mesa, Goodyear, Chandler) \u2014 Microsoft, Apple, Vantage, QTS, Iron Mountain",
      "rate_cents": 0.1523,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "Arkansas",
      "abbrev": "AR",
      "dc_count": 15,
      "twh_year": 0.3,
      "major_hubs": "West Memphis \u2014 Google",
      "rate_cents": 0.1436,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "California",
      "abbrev": "CA",
      "dc_count": 321,
      "twh_year": 11.0,
      "major_hubs": "Silicon Valley, Los Angeles \u2014 Equinix, Digital Realty, CoreSite, Vantage",
      "rate_cents": 0.3325,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "Colorado",
      "abbrev": "CO",
      "dc_count": 70,
      "twh_year": 1.8,
      "major_hubs": "Denver, Colorado Springs \u2014 Flexential, Viawest",
      "rate_cents": 0.1616,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "abbrev": "CT",
      "dc_count": 60,
      "twh_year": 1.0,
      "major_hubs": "Stamford, Hartford",
      "rate_cents": 0.2737,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Delaware",
      "abbrev": "DE",
      "dc_count": 22,
      "twh_year": 0.4,
      "major_hubs": "Wilmington",
      "rate_cents": 0.1938,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Dist. of Columbia",
      "abbrev": "DC",
      "dc_count": 12,
      "twh_year": 0.3,
      "major_hubs": "Washington D.C.",
      "rate_cents": null,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": null
    },
    {
      "state": "Florida",
      "abbrev": "FL",
      "dc_count": 135,
      "twh_year": 4.2,
      "major_hubs": "Miami, Tampa, Jacksonville \u2014 Equinix, Digital Realty, CyrusOne",
      "rate_cents": 0.1517,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Georgia",
      "abbrev": "GA",
      "dc_count": 162,
      "twh_year": 9.0,
      "major_hubs": "Atlanta (Douglasville, Palmetto) \u2014 Switch, Google, Microsoft, QTS",
      "rate_cents": 0.1584,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Hawaii",
      "abbrev": "HI",
      "dc_count": 8,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Honolulu",
      "rate_cents": 0.52,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "Idaho",
      "abbrev": "ID",
      "dc_count": 12,
      "twh_year": 0.2,
      "major_hubs": "Boise",
      "rate_cents": 0.1235,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Illinois",
      "abbrev": "IL",
      "dc_count": 244,
      "twh_year": 12.0,
      "major_hubs": "Chicago (Elk Grove Village, Aurora) \u2014 Microsoft, Equinix, Digital Realty, Meta",
      "rate_cents": 0.2385,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Indiana",
      "abbrev": "IN",
      "dc_count": 85,
      "twh_year": 2.0,
      "major_hubs": "Lebanon, La Porte, Indianapolis \u2014 Amazon ($15B), Meta ($10B), Microsoft ($1B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1815,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Iowa",
      "abbrev": "IA",
      "dc_count": 115,
      "twh_year": 3.8,
      "major_hubs": "Des Moines, Altoona \u2014 Apple, Google, Meta",
      "rate_cents": 0.1414,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Kansas",
      "abbrev": "KS",
      "dc_count": 22,
      "twh_year": 0.4,
      "major_hubs": "Kansas City metro, Wichita",
      "rate_cents": 0.1513,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Kentucky",
      "abbrev": "KY",
      "dc_count": 40,
      "twh_year": 0.6,
      "major_hubs": "Louisville, Lexington",
      "rate_cents": 0.1498,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "abbrev": "LA",
      "dc_count": 30,
      "twh_year": 0.5,
      "major_hubs": "Richland Parish, Caddo & Bossier Parishes \u2014 Meta ($27B), Amazon ($12B), Hut 8",
      "rate_cents": 0.1415,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Maine",
      "abbrev": "ME",
      "dc_count": 8,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Portland",
      "rate_cents": 0.2863,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Maryland",
      "abbrev": "MD",
      "dc_count": 48,
      "twh_year": 0.9,
      "major_hubs": "Baltimore, Frederick",
      "rate_cents": 0.2177,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Massachusetts",
      "abbrev": "MA",
      "dc_count": 58,
      "twh_year": 1.1,
      "major_hubs": "Boston, Holyoke, Cambridge",
      "rate_cents": 0.2882,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Michigan",
      "abbrev": "MI",
      "dc_count": 62,
      "twh_year": 1.1,
      "major_hubs": "Detroit, Grand Rapids",
      "rate_cents": 0.2201,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "abbrev": "MN",
      "dc_count": 78,
      "twh_year": 1.5,
      "major_hubs": "Minneapolis, Shakopee",
      "rate_cents": 0.1695,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Mississippi",
      "abbrev": "MS",
      "dc_count": 20,
      "twh_year": 0.3,
      "major_hubs": "Madison County, Meridian \u2014 Amazon ($16B+), Compass ($10B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1616,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Missouri",
      "abbrev": "MO",
      "dc_count": 55,
      "twh_year": 1.2,
      "major_hubs": "Kansas City, St. Louis \u2014 Google ($2B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1368,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Montana",
      "abbrev": "MT",
      "dc_count": 12,
      "twh_year": 0.2,
      "major_hubs": "Billings, Missoula",
      "rate_cents": 0.1467,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Nebraska",
      "abbrev": "NE",
      "dc_count": 42,
      "twh_year": 2.1,
      "major_hubs": "Omaha, Lincoln \u2014 Google, Meta",
      "rate_cents": 0.1359,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Nevada",
      "abbrev": "NV",
      "dc_count": 72,
      "twh_year": 2.8,
      "major_hubs": "Las Vegas (Henderson), Reno \u2014 Switch (SUPERNAP), Google, Apple",
      "rate_cents": 0.136,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "abbrev": "NH",
      "dc_count": 14,
      "twh_year": 0.2,
      "major_hubs": "Manchester",
      "rate_cents": 0.2733,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Jersey",
      "abbrev": "NJ",
      "dc_count": 95,
      "twh_year": 2.2,
      "major_hubs": "Secaucus, Piscataway (NYC Metro) \u2014 Equinix, Digital Realty",
      "rate_cents": 0.2327,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "New Mexico",
      "abbrev": "NM",
      "dc_count": 28,
      "twh_year": 1.6,
      "major_hubs": "Albuquerque, Los Lunas \u2014 Meta",
      "rate_cents": 0.1412,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "New York",
      "abbrev": "NY",
      "dc_count": 155,
      "twh_year": 4.5,
      "major_hubs": "NYC Metro, Buffalo \u2014 Equinix, DataBank, Digital Realty",
      "rate_cents": 0.2993,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "North Carolina",
      "abbrev": "NC",
      "dc_count": 115,
      "twh_year": 4.5,
      "major_hubs": "Charlotte, Research Triangle, Richmond County \u2014 Apple, Google, Amazon ($10B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1509,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "North Dakota",
      "abbrev": "ND",
      "dc_count": 18,
      "twh_year": 0.3,
      "major_hubs": "Fargo",
      "rate_cents": 0.1361,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Ohio",
      "abbrev": "OH",
      "dc_count": 203,
      "twh_year": 7.5,
      "major_hubs": "Columbus (New Albany), Hebron \u2014 Google, Meta, Amazon ($10B), Microsoft",
      "rate_cents": 0.1952,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Oklahoma",
      "abbrev": "OK",
      "dc_count": 38,
      "twh_year": 0.6,
      "major_hubs": "Oklahoma City, Tulsa",
      "rate_cents": 0.1338,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Oregon",
      "abbrev": "OR",
      "dc_count": 148,
      "twh_year": 6.5,
      "major_hubs": "Hillsboro, Prineville, The Dalles \u2014 Apple, Meta, Google",
      "rate_cents": 0.1627,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "abbrev": "PA",
      "dc_count": 98,
      "twh_year": 2.5,
      "major_hubs": "Salem Twp., Fairless Hills, Lancaster \u2014 Amazon ($20B), CoreWeave ($6B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.2155,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "abbrev": "RI",
      "dc_count": 8,
      "twh_year": 0.2,
      "major_hubs": "Providence",
      "rate_cents": 0.2946,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "South Carolina",
      "abbrev": "SC",
      "dc_count": 40,
      "twh_year": 0.6,
      "major_hubs": "Aiken County, Charleston \u2014 Meta ($800M)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1618,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "South Dakota",
      "abbrev": "SD",
      "dc_count": 10,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Sioux Falls",
      "rate_cents": 0.1573,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Tennessee",
      "abbrev": "TN",
      "dc_count": 68,
      "twh_year": 1.8,
      "major_hubs": "Nashville, Memphis \u2014 Oracle ($1.5B), xAI ($1B+)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1447,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Texas",
      "abbrev": "TX",
      "dc_count": 413,
      "twh_year": 17.0,
      "major_hubs": "Dallas\u2013Fort Worth, Austin, San Antonio, West Texas \u2014 Google ($40B), Meta, Stargate",
      "rate_cents": 0.1644,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "Utah",
      "abbrev": "UT",
      "dc_count": 48,
      "twh_year": 2.6,
      "major_hubs": "Salt Lake City, Bluffdale \u2014 Meta, Google",
      "rate_cents": 0.1296,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "high"
    },
    {
      "state": "Vermont",
      "abbrev": "VT",
      "dc_count": 5,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Burlington",
      "rate_cents": 0.2489,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Virginia",
      "abbrev": "VA",
      "dc_count": 665,
      "twh_year": 24.0,
      "major_hubs": "Ashburn ('Data Center Alley'), Loudoun Co., Prince William \u2014 AWS, Microsoft, Google, Equinix",
      "rate_cents": 0.1761,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Washington",
      "abbrev": "WA",
      "dc_count": 142,
      "twh_year": 4.2,
      "major_hubs": "Quincy, Seattle, Moses Lake \u2014 Microsoft, Amazon",
      "rate_cents": 0.1495,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "medium"
    },
    {
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "abbrev": "WV",
      "dc_count": 8,
      "twh_year": 0.1,
      "major_hubs": "Charleston",
      "rate_cents": 0.168,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "abbrev": "WI",
      "dc_count": 52,
      "twh_year": 0.9,
      "major_hubs": "Mount Pleasant, Milwaukee \u2014 Microsoft ($3.3B)",
      "rate_cents": 0.1974,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    },
    {
      "state": "Wyoming",
      "abbrev": "WY",
      "dc_count": 18,
      "twh_year": 0.5,
      "major_hubs": "Cheyenne \u2014 Microsoft",
      "rate_cents": 0.148,
      "grid_carbon": null,
      "water_stress": "low"
    }
  ]
}